In DPP-4 deficient rat-derived adipose tissue explants, GIP administration directly increased adipocyte maturation and triglyceride synthesis, enhanced the expression of adiponectin, and reduced several proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha; also, in high-fat diet-fed rats, GIP improved insulin resistance [65]. Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.