IL1B and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): In accordance with P2Y11‘s ability to increase the level of intracellular cyclic AMP via Gs-mediated AC activation [28] and with the known cyclic AMP dependence of IL-1 signaling [29], we demonstrated both, in primary macrophages and in recombinant astrocytoma cells, that P2Y11 upregulates IL-1R in a cyclic AMP-dependent manner thus establishing P2Y11/IL-1R crosstalk [30, 31].