Treatment with these bacteria significantly inhibited the growth of osteosarcoma and pulmonary metastases.56 Furthermore, researchers have engineered E. coli DH5 to express tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a molecule known for its potential in inducing cancer cell death and this approach holds promise for treating solid tumors.57 Overall, the use of engineered bacteria for targeted cytotoxicity and cytokine release represents a promising avenue for cancer treatment and holds potential for improving therapeutic outcomes. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.