TNF and neoplasm: 62,63 These artificial bacteria not only activate the immune system but also induce local tumor inflammation involving the significantly high expression of proinflammatory factors,64 such as TNF-α,65 IL-1β, IL-2, IL-1266 and IFN-γ.67 Zhang et al.68 engineered an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium, which has the capability to secrete Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B (FlaB) conjugated with human or mouse interleukin-15 proteins.