PLAT and hepatocellular carcinoma: After confirming that the RGD4C.TPA particle efficiently delivered the lucia gene to both HCC cell lines, we replaced the lucia gene with the transmembrane form of the human TRAIL gene (tmTRAIL) and generated the TPA particle carrying the tmTRAIL gene (RGD4C.TPA-tmTRAIL) as shown in Fig. 4A.