TNF and influenza: To further investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of oclacitinib, we measured the protein levels of eight cytokines and chemokines, which are essential in the immune response of influenza-infected mice, in BALFs prepared from oclacitinib- or placebo-treated mice at day 7 p.i. As shown in Fig. 5A, the production of all eight cytokines and chemokines, including TNF-α, RANTES, IP-10, IL-10, MIP-1α, IL-8, MCP-1, and IL-6, was significantly reduced in BALFs of oclacitinib-treated mice.