GCG and Insulin resistance: In terms of mechanism of action, PEG-Loxe improves beta-cells function and plays a hypoglycemic role by stimulating insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, improving insulin resistance, and inhibiting hepatic glucose output by activating insulin phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway (Rameshrad et al., 2020; Ard et al., 2021; Zeng et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021).