We managed to find that while the intraperitoneal injection of 5 μg galectin-3 (Gal3) alone only induced neural activities in the Ve-L/-R of non-tumor-bearing mice, it acted in a cooperative manner with 2 ng LIF to trigger responses of all the signature brain regions (Fig. 2b, c; Supplementary information, Fig. S4b, d). This evidence concerns the gene LIF and neoplasm.