SLC3A2 and Hyperglycemia: Dynein-driven mistrafficking of GFB protein is caused by hyperglycemia-induced upregulation of dynein subunits, known as “hyperglycemia-responsive dynein subunits.” These include dynein heavy chain (Dync1h1), which functions as an ATPase to generate force for cargoes to slide over microtubules; intermediate chain (Dync1i1), which anchors dynein cargoes; light chain (Dynll1), which assembles the entire dynein complex11, , –14; and dynactin (Dctn1), which activates dynein.