SP1 and Hyperglycemia: Previous studies in mesangial cells have emphasized the role of SP1 in the transcription of profibrotic genes for mesangial expansion and extracellular matrix production, characterizing the late-stage pathology of DN.22,44 Our study, on the other hand, identified a new set of dynein-encoding genes as key SP1-targeting genes responsible for early-stage diabetic podocyte injury and delineated how hyperglycemia induces podocytopathy via the AMPK-SP1-dynein pathway.