HGF and Alzheimer disease: In this sense, EVs were found to have significantly lower levels of four neurotrophic factors (hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factors 2 and 13, and type 1 insulin-like growth factor) in AD patients in preclinical phase, exposing the possibility of using these proteins as early biomarkers of AD.57Astrocyte-derived EVs also have potential biomarkers for AD.