ATG5 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Secondly, by knocking out Atg5 and Nrf2 genes in the hearts of T1DM mice, it was discovered that CR-Atg5KO aggravated myocardial remodeling after Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2KO), which further established that T1DM induced Nrf2 activation through suppressing myocardial autophagy, thus leading to cardiac injury and dysfunction.