TLR4 and autoimmune hepatitis: One study showed that an increase in beneficial bacteria such as Rikenella and Alistipes, coupled with a reduction in potentially harmful bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella and a decrease in LPS-bearing Gram-negative bacteria in an autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) mouse model, could inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathways in AIH (Kang et al., 2023).