INS and diabetes mellitus: In addition, improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to scopoletin (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.)can activate the AMPK and the IRS1–PI3K–Akt pathways in pancreatic β cells of high-fructose diet (HFHFD) rats and improves glucose homeostasis in HFHFD-induced diabetes rats (Kalpana et al., 2019; Batra et al., 2023b).