IL1B and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: While hypertonic saline did not affect inflammation in a mouse model of chronic obstructive lung disease (Graeber et al., 2013), it did attenuate inflammation following trauma and hemorrhagic shock in rats (Wohlauer, et al., 2012) and pro-inflammatory gene expression following treatment of primary human small airway epithelial cells with TNF-α, IL-1β, and interferon (IFN)-γ in vitro (Mitra et al., 2017).