TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obesity is also known to be accompanied by low-grade chronic inflammation showing increased proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (26).