GFAP and Brain atrophy: These responses manifest through identifiable blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, including neurofilament, S100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1.43,44 In the chronic stage of TBI, the aggregation and deposition of various neurodegenerative proteins, including phosphorylated tau, β-amyloid, α-synuclein, and tar DNA-binding 43 proteins,45 may be observed, which accelerates brain atrophy and dementia.