A study showed that CR results in a reduction of insulin levels, thereby diminishing tumor PI3K signaling.114 CR has also been found to suppress xenograft tumor growth by upregulating the aldolase A (ALDOA)/DNA-PK/p53 pathway, with ALDOA acting as a potential oncogene that can also activate the tumor suppressor p53.115 Moreover, CR has been shown to modify the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype, reducing their carcinogenic and metastatic potential. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is cancer.