Nonetheless, it is believed that the tumor-inhibiting effect is partially mediated by several biological changes, such as increased apoptosis rates in cancer cells, decreased circulating blood glucose levels, inhibited insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling, reduced insulin levels, and mediators that regulate metabolic pathway activation and inhibit angiogenesis.112 In particular, controlling IGF-1 signal transduction is a critical component underlying the antitumor effects of CR. This evidence concerns the gene INS and cancer.