INS and neoplasm: A study showed that CR results in a reduction of insulin levels, thereby diminishing tumor PI3K signaling.114 CR has also been found to suppress xenograft tumor growth by upregulating the aldolase A (ALDOA)/DNA-PK/p53 pathway, with ALDOA acting as a potential oncogene that can also activate the tumor suppressor p53.115 Moreover, CR has been shown to modify the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype, reducing their carcinogenic and metastatic potential.