IRF3 and infection: In the case of Spir-1, the viral antagonist is protein K7,40 a Bcl-2 family member41 that is made early during infection, contributes to virulence,42 and antagonizes the IRF3 pathway by interacting directly with both Spir-1 and DDX3 and so also antagonizing IRF3 activation at the level of TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) binding kinase 1 (TBK-1).43