Sequentially diluted INS018_055 led to complete and concentration-dependent inhibition of TGF-β-mediated α-SMA expression in the fibroblasts of three donors with IPF, with IC50 values of 50 nM, 79 nM and 63 nM (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Information 6). Here, TGFB1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.