In three healthy donors’ fibroblasts, TGF-β-mediated α-SMA expression was reduced by INS018_055, albeit at higher concentrations (IC50 of 79 nM, 200 nM and 320 nM) than in donors with IPF (Supplementary Information 6), suggesting a greater potency of INS018_055 in IPF. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.