Our ES approach revealed pathogenic, likely pathogenic and VUS variants in the established dystonia genes (PRKRA, SGCE, KMT2B, SLC2A1, GCH1, THAP1, HPCA, TSPOAP1 (BZRAP1), AOPEP (C9orf3)) as well as in the uncommonly dystonia-associated genes (PCCB, CACNA1A, ALDH5A1, PRKN) (table 2). This evidence concerns the gene HPCA and Dystonia.