HIF1A and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: HIF-1α can increases the expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) by mediating autophagy injury of macrophages, thus promoting the occurrence of NASH.[41] Hypoxia can induce the upregulation of HIF-1α, activating hepatic stellate cells, which ultimately results in hepatic fibrosis.[42] Yexiaodan[43] discovered that inhibiting the HIF-1α/PPARγ signaling pathway can decrease inflammation and steatosis.