The beneficial effects of TI were demonstrated in two independent studies using a B16-F10 melanoma model in vivo, in which the treatment of melanoma-bearing mice with either β-glucan or MTP-HDL (muramyl tripeptide-high-density lipoprotein) inhibited tumor growth.39,40 Moreover, TI induced by MTP-HDL was shown to potentiate the checkpoint blockage therapy using anti-PD-1.40 Likewise, we demonstrate in the present study that L. braziliensis immunotherapy can delay tumor growth and improve the survival rate of non-Hodgkin-lymphoma-bearing mice. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and melanoma.