HMGB1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In fact, the exact therapeutic efficacy of sodium butyrate (SB) and valproic acid (VPA) in ALI has been confirmed, as SB significantly inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the release of HMGB1 and the activation of NF-κB [157], while VPA can reduce the production of neutrophil chemokine-1 (CINC-1) to ameliorate hemorrhage-induced ALI [158].