TNF and neoplasm: The characteristic microbiota of the intestinal tract is significantly correlated with the function of immune cells in the host tumor immune microenvironment, and the dysbiosis of gut microbiota could increase bacterial translocation, which suppresses the activation of antigen-presenting cells such as DCs and macrophages and then leading to the declined IFN-γ/TNF-α production from T cell subsets to kill the tumor cells (134).