Moreover, a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay demonstrated decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines Il1β and Tnfα, as well as the interleukin one receptor type 1 (Il1r1), a key mediator in several cytokine‐driven inflammatory pathways, following PQQ administration in AD (Figure 5g). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and Alzheimer disease.