TNF and pulmonary embolism: Studies have shown that pulmonary thromboembolism is closely related to inflammatory factors and chemokines, etc., and inflammatory factors such as IL-1B, CXCL8, and TNF-α are expressed at high levels in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, and individuals with high-risk pulmonary embolism have higher levels of inflammatory factors than individuals with intermediate- and low-risk pulmonary embolism [23].