To date, patients with recurrent HGSC subsequently treated with an ICB (e.g., anti-PD-L1, anti-PD1) have an objective tumor response rate of only 5% to 15%, highlighting the need to define other pathways and/or factors that affect the antitumor immune response, as well as the development of alternative or combinatorial strategies that could be employed to improve patient outcomes (reviewed in refs. 7, 8). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.