Moreover, the incidence of any grade of TRAEs significantly increased with the addition of adjuvant immunotherapy (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00-1.17; P = .04).<h4>Conclusions and relevance</h4>This meta-analysis suggests that adding PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in the adjuvant phase to neoadjuvant treatment with PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors and chemotherapy may not improve survival outcomes for patients with resectable NSCLC and may be associated with increased adverse events. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.