CXCL8 and myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: In a study in which dendritic cells attacked by E. coli were treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and its CFS, the results showed a significant decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12p70) in CFS-treated cells as compared to Lactobacillus rhamnosus, indicating that in the presence of E. coli CFS is more effective than probiotics in reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (Bermudez-Brito et al., 2014).