Figure 1 illustrates the molecular mechanisms involved. Numerous studies have demonstrated increased expression levels of IGF-1 and IGF-2 in NSCLC tumor tissues (48, 49). Interestingly, a study by Kim et al. discovered that low expression of IGF-1 was associated with longer overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients. This finding emphasizes the significance of IGF-1 as a prognostic indicator and suggests the potential for risk stratification in NSCLC based on IGF-1 levels (50). Here, IGF1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.