On the one hand, ERS is an important participatory mechanism in the development of GC: genetic study have shown that carriers of the G allele of the autophagy Related 16 Like 1 (ATG16L1) rs2241880 gene have more severe ERS than carriers of the A allele after infection with Helicobacter pylori naturally, which exacerbates gastric mucosal lesions of the former (Mommersteeg et al., 2022). Here, ATG16L1 is linked to gastric cancer.