Study have shown that arctigenin (10, 50, 100 μmol/L for 48 h) dose-dependently upregulate the expression of GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12, and induce apoptosis of HCC cells SMMC-7721 in vitro (Chang L et al., 2020). Here, CASP12 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.