Next, we determined the frequency of 4 Tph subsets (Tph1, Tph2, Tph17, and Tph1-17 cells) within CD45RA- memory CD4+ T cells in the blood of patients with various autoimmune diseases including SLE and healthy controls (HC) (Supplementary Tables 3, 4). Here, TPH1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.