When SLE patients with skin or musculoskeletal manifestations became lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) by the treatment with medications, the frequency of Tph1 and Tph2 cells, like whole Tph cells, were reduced significantly as compared with that before the treatment (Fig. 6b, Supplementary Table 8). Here, TPH2 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.