INS and bacterial infectious disease: Our analysis revealed a high enrichment of pathways crucial for C. elegans defense against bacterial infections, including the ELT-2, HLH-30, PMK-1, and DAF-2/DAF-16 insulin pathways (Figure 2C and Supplementary file 4, Kerry et al., 2006; Shapira et al., 2006; Visvikis et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2002; Aballay et al., 2003; Garsin et al., 2003; Hsu et al., 2003; Murphy et al., 2003; Huffman et al., 2004).