VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Disruption in arterial permeability results in loss of vascular polarity and makes the endothelial cells (ECs) spindle-shaped; this process is the reason why endothelial dysfunction and plaque formation usually occur in areas with stressful hemodynamic states such as arteries with high curvature or arterial branches with turbulent blood flow [5, 6] Furthermore, adhesion molecules like vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and P-selectin facilitate the diapedesis of leukocytes and the inflammatory response [7–10].