PPAT and lung carcinoma: More recently, in human lung cancer cells exhibiting a high level of the vestigial-like family member 3 (VGLL3), a cofactor for TEA domain transcription factors (TEADs), it has been demonstrated that TrifGART as well as PPAT (but not PAICS) expression is increased, but only GART gene knockdown reduces significantly cell proliferation (while PPAT gene knockdown has no impact), suggesting that VGLL3 stimulates the DNPNB pathway through TrifGART expression (Kawamura et al., 2022).