28 They also measured an increase in AF cycle length, an increase in the threshold for AF induction, a decrease in atrial ectopy, and an increase in the atrial ERP in the right atrium and coronary sinus, all of which represent electrophysiologic changes that suppress AF.28 Additionally, these authors observed a significant reduction in systemic serum TNF-α and CRP levels.28 These measurable improvements after just one treatment interval imply a powerful capacity for TcVNS to modulate the CANS. Here, TNF is linked to atrial fibrillation.