While field strength and frequency were empirically derived in these initial studies, Yu et al. were able to use specifically calculated parameters to suppress pacing-induced AF in a dog model.61 The molecular weight of canine vasostatin-1 was used to calculate appropriate field parameters, with a reduction in pacing-induced AF noted as well as changes in atrial refractoriness noted in response to targeted LL-EMF stimulation.61 This evidence concerns the gene CHGA and atrial fibrillation.