Because high rates of complications have been reported in numerous trials, ranging from 40 to 90% for all grades CRS and from 20 to 65% for ICANS [25], several phase 1/2 studies are warranted to assess new prophylactic or curative treatment strategies, particularly by using granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or anti-IL-1-R. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and congenital rubella syndrome.