In contrast with those findings, Kim et al. (2021) previously reported that spermidine treatment reduced peroxide induced apoptosis within retinal pigment epithelial cells [32] and Xu et al. (2020) reported decreased Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 following spermidine treatment in rodent model of aging-induced dementia [27]. Here, CASP3 is linked to dementia.