Our in vitro results showed that R788 effectively inhibited the rise in TBK1/IRF3 phosphorylation levels induced by either cGAS/STING agonist MSA-2 or overexpression of ALS toxic proteins, resulting in the dampened pro-inflammatory gene expression (Fig. 4D, G–I). This evidence concerns the gene IRF3 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.