HIF1A and congenital rubella syndrome: These include signalling pathways, such as AMPK, Forkhead box-containing protein, O subfamily (FoxO), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and HIF-1 signalling pathways, which suggests that these pathways may be related to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of CRS, such as activation of RAAS and SNS, inflammatory factor release and oxidative stress.