In tumour-bearing mice, ARBs exert significant anti-cancer effects by reducing tumour growth and/or fibrosis,104–107 metastases,108,109 tumour neo-angiogenesis,110–112 and influencing tumour immuno-microenvironment (see Supplementary data online, Table S2).108,113 In a seminal study by Rhodes et al., AT1R is overexpressed in 10%–20% of breast cancer cases across multiple independent patient cohorts. This evidence concerns the gene AGTR1 and cancer.