Compared with the control group, levels of IFITM2 and IFITM3 in EVTs, IFITM3 in SCTs and VCTs, IFNGR1 and IFI44L in MACs and IFNG, IFITM2 and IFITM3 in TCs were significantly upregulated in the COVID-19 group (Fig. 2C), suggesting that a wide range of antiviral responses occur at the maternal-fetal interface after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This evidence concerns the gene IFI44L and COVID-19.