To examine the effect of OMVs on the host immune response, CF-HBECs from CF donors (homozygous for Phe508del, the most common mutation in CFTR) were grown in air–liquid interface (ALI) culture (31, 38) and exposed to vehicle, V-OMVs, or Tobi-OMVs for 6 h, whereupon the secretion of 48 cytokines was measured by ELISA. This evidence concerns the gene CFTR and cystic fibrosis.