DPP4 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: These results are in accordance with other studies reporting the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1RA, semaglutide, in different models, such as obesity, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes (Tan and Tan, 2019; Pan et al., 2023; Sadek et al., 2023), and the DPP-4 inhibitor, alogliptin, in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation (El-Sahar et al., 2021).