TFPI and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: COPD patients have a prothrombotic phenotype in the blood vasculature that is characterized by increased thrombin that overwhelms the inhibitory activity of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) (Cella et al., 2001; Polosa et al., 2008; Undas et al., 2011; Kyriakopoulos et al., 2021).