This is an indication that participants with vitamin D deficiency had significant increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma) levels because the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL10) levels were significantly reduced to be able to inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokines levels hence the results seen in low vitamin D participants unlike participants with the optimal vitamin D who had significantly increased IL10 and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (Table 2). Here, TNF is linked to vitamin D deficiency.