TNF and Parkinson disease: Loss of Pink1 results in increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin1-β (IL1-β), as well as interferons (IFNs) IFN-β1 and IFN-γ, within the blood and brain resulting in inflammation and loss of dopaminergic neurons in both a Pink1−/− mouse model and PINK1-associated PD patients [16].