Similarly, we used our retina eQTLs to test for pleiotropic associations between gene expression and AMD GWAS and identified 14 associations at 7 loci (SMR P value < 6.41 × 10−6 after Bonferroni correction) (Supplementary Data 19); of which, 8 associations at 5 loci (CFI, C2/CFB/SKIV2L, PILRB/PILRA, RDH5/CD63 and TMEM97/VTN) passed the linkage test (HEIDI P value > 0.05) (Fig. 4c). This evidence concerns the gene VTN and age-related macular degeneration.