TNF and atherosclerosis: In addition, KEGG (Fig. 5F) and GO (Fig. 5G) enrichment analysis revealed that DKD and aging significantly co-differential genes were involved in the biological process of regulating stress (temperature, chemical stress, and oxidative stress), aging, glucolipid metabolism, and glycosylation (AGE-RAGE pathway in DM complications, lipid and atherosclerosis, and response to fructose and lipopolysaccharide), as well as immune-related signaling pathways (apoptosis, TNF, MAPK, IL-17, Ras, NF-κB, Toll-like receptor, PI3K-Akt, and T cell and B cell receptor).