TNF and myeloid sarcoma: At the same time, anti-TNF-α treatments have been only partially successful, and their lack of effectiveness, particularly in case of MS, can likely be attributed to complex signaling pathways that are initiated by TNF-α sensed by two different receptors, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2 (Bourque and Hawiger, 2023b).