Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (1.25 μg i.v.)in a protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) mouse model, showed that the circulating levels of IL-10 were increased and high levels were found in bone marrow cells, which showed immunodeficiency.24 This finding was in-line with a study in children with marasmic-PEM, IL-10 was significantly higher compared to controls (19.08 ± 5.93 vs 10.46 ± 3.90 pg/mL; p = 0.000).22 This may be caused by the deficits of NF-kB activation. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and protein-energy malnutrition.